Articles

Hypertension in Pregnancy

Hypertension in Pregnancy

Hypertension is a common medical condition affecting many people worldwide, and it can pose a serious risk to both the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy. Hypertension is the most common medical problem in pregnancy, complicating approximately 10-15% of...

read more
Structure and Classification of Bacteria

Structure and Classification of Bacteria

Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable environment worldwide. Only a few kinds of bacteria cause disease, and...

read more
John Snow and the 1854 Cholera Outbreak

John Snow and the 1854 Cholera Outbreak

In August 1854, Soho in London was struck with a severe cholera outbreak. Cholera is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is still prevalent in areas with inadequate sanitation and poor food and water hygiene and remains a...

read more
Wound Healing

Wound Healing

Wound healing, as a normal biological process in the human body, is achieved through four precisely and highly programmed events: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. For a wound to heal successfully, all four phases must occur in the proper...

read more
Haemophilia

Haemophilia

Haemophilia is a group of hereditary genetic disorders that result in impaired coagulation. There are two main types of haemophilia: Haemophilia A Haemophilia B Haemophilia A Haemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII. It is...

read more
Acute Limb Ischaemia

Acute Limb Ischaemia

Acute limb ischaemia is defined as a sudden decrease in limb perfusion that threatens the viability of the limb. It is most commonly caused by acute thrombotic occlusion of a previously partially occluded, thrombosed arterial segment or secondary to an embolus from a...

read more
Understanding the CURB-65 Score

Understanding the CURB-65 Score

The CURB-65 score, also known as the CURB-65 criteria, is a validated clinical prediction tool used to assess the severity of pneumonia and predict mortality risk in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This score is an acronym for Confusion, Urea,...

read more
Germ Warfare and the Siege of Fort Pitt

Germ Warfare and the Siege of Fort Pitt

Germ warfare is defined as "the use of biological toxins or infectious agents with the intent to kill or incapacitate as an act of war." These biological agents are quite literally used as deadly living weapons. Germ warfare is by no means a modern concept, and...

read more
Cytochrome p450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism

Cytochrome p450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism

Many drugs are metabolised in the liver. Drugs are either metabolised by phase I reactions (oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis) or phase II reactions (e.g. glucuronidation). Phase I reactions are mainly carried out by the cytochrome P450 family of isoenzymes, of...

read more