Understanding the APGAR Score
The Apgar score is a simple method of assessing a neonate’s well-being at birth. There are five criteria, each of which is allocated a score between zero and two. The assessment is generally performed at one and five minutes after delivery, and may be repeated later...
Hypertension in Pregnancy
Hypertension is a common medical condition affecting many people worldwide, and it can pose a serious risk to both the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy. Hypertension is the most common medical problem in pregnancy, complicating approximately 10-15% of...
Structure and Classification of Bacteria
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable environment worldwide. Only a few kinds of bacteria cause disease, and...
John Snow and the 1854 Cholera Outbreak
In August 1854, Soho in London was struck with a severe cholera outbreak. Cholera is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is still prevalent in areas with inadequate sanitation and poor food and water hygiene and remains a...
