Confounding, Bias and Effect Modification

Confounding, Bias and Effect Modification

May 10, 2023 | 0 comments

Confounding factors A confounding factor is a variable that is associated with both the outcome of interest and the exposure of interest. In this constellation, the exposure of interest appears (spuriously) to be associated with the outcome of interest, while in...
Risk and Odds

Risk and Odds

Jun 10, 2018 | 0 comments

Risk vs. odds The terms ‘risk’ and ‘odds’ are often used interchangeably but they actually have quite different implications and are calculated in different ways. Odds is a concept that is very familiar to gamblers. It is a ratio of probability that a particular event...
Interpreting Diagnostic Tests

Interpreting Diagnostic Tests

Jul 8, 2016 | 0 comments

What are diagnostic tests? A diagnostic test can be defined as ‘any kind of medical test performed to aid in the diagnosis or detection of disease, injury or any other medical condition’. Typically with any diagnostic test some of those at risk will be missed (false...